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Blockchain-Based Multi-Factor Authentication for Securing IoT Devices

ABSTRACT

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in healthcare, smart cities, industrial automation, and home environments has revolutionized the digital ecosystem but has also introduced severe security vulnerabilities. Traditional authentication mechanisms, particularly single-factor authentication (SFA), are inadequate in addressing threats such as credential theft, man-in-the-middle attacks, and device spoofing. This research proposes a Blockchain-Based Multi-Factor Authentication (B-MFA) framework designed to secure IoT devices through decentralized trust, tamper-proof records, and a combination of biometric, token-based, and behavioral authentication. Leveraging a permissioned blockchain network (Hyperledger Fabric) integrated with lightweight cryptographic algorithms, the framework ensures data integrity, non-repudiation, and rapid authentication suitable for resource-constrained devices. Performance evaluation on a simulated IoT testbed demonstrates the proposed B-MFA achieves 98.6% authentication accuracy, reduced latency (87ms), and low computational overhead, outperforming conventional centralized MFA systems.

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